Risk Factors Emerging During Pregnancy

Risk Factors Emerging During Pregnancy
DEFINITION
During pregnancy, a problem may occur or a condition can be established to make high-risk pregnancies. For example, pregnant women can be exposed to something that could result in birth defects (teratogens), such as radiation, certain chemicals, drugs, or infection. Or a disruption could occur. Some disorders are related to (are complications of) pregnancy

Drugs

Some medicines used during pregnancy causes birth defects. For example, alcohol, isotretinoin (used to treat acute acne), some antikonsulvan, lithium, some antibiotics (such as streptomycin, kanamycin, and tetracycline), thalidomide, warfarin, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) (used during the late second trismester). Using drugs that inhibit the action of folic acid (such as methotrexate immunosuppressant or antibiotic trimethoprim) can also cause birth defects (folic acid deficiency increases the risk of having deformed babies from birth). Using cocaine can cause birth defects, premature removal of the placenta (placental abruption), and premature birth. Smoking increases the risk of having a baby with low birth weight. Early pregnancy, women were asked if they use these drugs. Particularly worth noting is that alcohol, cocaine, and smoking.

Disorders During Pregnancy Happens

During pregnancy, women may experience problems that are not directly related to pregnancy. Some disorders increase the risk of problems in pregnant women or fetuses. These include disorders that cause high fever, infections, and disorders that require abdominal surgery. Certain disturbances are more likely to occur during pregnancy because many changes occur in pregnancy in a female body. For example, thromboembolic disease, anemia, and urinary tract infections.

    Fever: a disorder that causes a temperature greater than 103 º F (39.5 º C) during the first trimester increases the risk of miscarriage and brain damage or spinal cord in infants. Fever in late pregnancy increases the risk of premature labor.

    Infection: be some chance of infection occurring during pregnancy can cause birth defects. German measles (rubella) can cause birth defects, particularly on the heart and the inside of the eye. Cytomegalovirus infection can cross the placenta and fetal liver and brain damage. Other viral infections that could harm the fetus or cause birth defects, including herpes simplex, and chicken pox (varicella). Toxoplasma, a protozoan infection, can cause miscarriage, fetal death, and serious birth defects. Listeriosis, a bacterial infection, can also harm the fetus. Bacterial infection of the vagina (such as bacterial vaginosis) during pregnancy can cause premature labor or fetal membranes containing died before his time. Treatment of infections with antibiotics can reduce the likelihood of these problems.

    Disorders that require surgery: during pregnancy, disorders requiring emergency surgery include the stomach may be executed. This type of surgery increases the risk of premature birth and lead to miscarriage, especially in early pregnancy. Also, surgery is usually delayed as long as possible unless long-term health of the woman may be affected.

    If appendicitis occurs during pregnancy, surgery to remove an appendix (appendectomy) is performed immediately because of rupture of the appendix can be fatal. Appendectomy may not harm the fetus or cause miscarriage. Even so, appendicitis may be difficult to recognize during pregnancy. Painful cramps in the sense of appendicitis resembles uterine contractions, which are common during pregnancy. The appendix is ​​pressed into the upper abdomen as pregnancy progresses, so the location of the pain of appendicitis may not be as expected.

    If the ovarian cyst during pregnancy, surgery is usually delayed until 12 weeks of gestation. Cyst is likely to produce a hormone that helps the pregnancy and often disappears without treatment. However, if the cyst or other mass enlarges, surgery may be necessary before 12 weeks. Some possible cancerous mass.

    Damage to the intestine during pregnancy can be very serious. If damage to the intestine leading to gangrene and peritonitis (inflammation of the membrane across the abdominal cavity), a woman may miscarry, and his life was in danger. Exploratory surgery is usually done immediately when a pregnant woman experiencing symptoms of intestinal damage, especially if they had undergone abdominal surgery or abdominal infection.

    Thromboembolic disease: the United States, thromboembolic disease is the leading cause of death in pregnant women. On thromboembolic disease, blood clots form inside blood vessels. Flowing through the bloodstream and block an artery. The risk of thromboembolic disease increases the formation of about 6 to 8 weeks after delivery. Most complications cause blood penggumpalam a result of diseases that occur during childbirth. Multiply the risk after cesarean section than after vaginal delivery.

    Blood clots usually form in the veins outside of the foot such as thrombophlebitis or in the blood vessels such as in thrombosis. Symptoms include swelling, pain in the calf, and veins. Acute symptoms are nothing to do with severe disease. Clots can move from leg to the lungs, which can inhibit one or more arteries of the lungs. This blockage, called a pulmonary embolism, can be life threatening if clots block the arteries supplying the brain, producing strokes. Blood clots can also occur in the pelvis.

    Women who suffered blood clots in a previous pregnancy may be given heparin (an anticoagulant) during subsequent pregnancy to prevent blood clot formation. If a woman has symptoms of a suspected blood clot, Doppler ultrasound may be done to check for clots. If blood clots are known, heparin was started without delay. Heparin was injected into the vessels likely (intravenously) or under the skin (subcutaneous). Heparin does not cross the placenta and harm the fetus. Treatment was continued for 6 to 8 weeks after delivery, when the risk of high blood clots. After delivery, warfarin may be used instead of heparin. Warfarin can be taken by mouth, has a low risk of complications compared to heparin., And can be used by women who are breastfeeding.

    If pulmonary embolism is suspected, ventilation and perfusion lung scan may be performed to confirm the diagnosis. This procedure involves injecting radioactive material in small amounts into the vessel. This procedure is safe during pregnancy because of a small dose of radioactive material. If the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism remains uncertain, pulmonary angiography is required.

    Anemia: most pregnant women experience some degree of anemia because iron is needed to produce red blood cells in the fetus. Anemia can occur during pregnancy due to deficiency of folic acid. Anemia can usually be prevented or treated with iron and folic acid supplements during pregnancy. Even so, if anemia becomes severe and prolonged, the blood capacity to carry oxygen decreases. As a result, the fetus can not get enough oxygen, which is required for normal growth, especially in the brain. Pregnant women who experience severe anemia may be tired of excessive, labored breathing, headache dizzy. Increased risk of preterm delivery. Normal amount of bleeding during labor and delivery can lead to anemia which is very dangerous at this woman. Women with anemia were more likely to become infected after birth. Also, if folic acid is reduced, the risk of having babies with birth defects in the brain and spinal cord, such as spina bifida, increased.

    Urinary tract infections: urinary tract infection during pregnancy is common, probably due to the widening of the womb slow down the flow of urine by pressing the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder (ureters). When urine flow is slow, the bacteria can not flush the urine tract. increase the risk of an infection. This increases the risk of preterm delivery and rapid whole of the membranes containing the fetus. Sometimes an infection in the bladder or ureters spreads to take urine and the kidneys, causing. Treatment consists of antibiotic therapy.