Risk factors There Before Pregnancy part 3
For most women with mild blood pressure (140/90 to 150/100 mm per mercury (mm Hg)), treatment with antihypertensive drugs is not recommended. Some medications do not seem to reduce the risk of preeclampsia, premature release of the placenta, or death at birth or to improve fetal growth. Even so, some women are treated to prevent pregnancy because epidode higher blood pressure (requiring hospitalization).
For women the blood pressure higher than 150/100 mm Hg, treatment with antihypertensive drugs is recommended. Treatment can reduce the risk of stroke and other complications caused by very high blood pressure. Treatment is also recommended for women who have high blood pressure and kidney problems because if the blood pressure not well controlled, the possibility of further kidney damage.
Most of the antihypertensive drugs used to treat high blood pressure can be used safely during pregnancy. Even so, an inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is stopped during pregnancy, especially during the last two semesters. These drugs can cause kidney damage in the fetus. As a result, these babies may die after being born.
During pregnancy, women with high blood pressure monitored closely to ensure well-controlled blood pressure, kidney function normal, and the fetus is developing normally. Nevertheless, the premature removal of the placenta can not be prevented or anticipated. Often, the baby should be born to be prevented or anticipated. Often, the baby should be born in order to prevent death at birth or complications caused by high blood pressure (such as stroke) in women.
Anemia: anemia have decreased, such as sickle cell disease, hemoglobin SC disease, and some of thalassemia, the increased risk of problems during pregnancy. Before birth, blood tests done regularly to check for hemoglobin disorders in women who are at increased risk of these disorders because of race, ethnic background, or family history. Example of chorionic villus or amniocentesis may be performed to check for abnormalities in fetal hemoglobin.
Women who have sickle cell disease is particularly at risk of infection during pregnancy. Pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and infections of the uterus is the most common. About a third of pregnant women have sickle cell disease develop high blood pressure during pregnancy. Sudden severe pain attacks, called sickle cell crisis cycle, can occur during pregnancy as any other time. Heart failure and blockage of the pulmonary arterial blood can be agglomerate (pulmonary embolism), which may be life threatening, can also occur. Bleeding during labor or after delivery may be more severe. The fetus can be slow to grow or not grow as much as expected. The fetus may even die. Sickle cell disease are more severe before pregnancy, the risk of more severe health problems for pregnant women and fetuses and fetal death risk at higher during pregnancy. With regular blood transfusions, fewer women may experience a cycle of sickle cell crisis but it is more likely to experience rejection of transfused blood. This condition, called alloimmunization, can be life threatening. Also, transfusion to a pregnant woman does not reduce the risk to the fetus.
Renal impairment: a woman with severe renal impairment prior to pregnancy are more likely to experience problems during pregnancy. Renal function can deteriorate rapidly during pregnancy. High blood pressure, which is often accompanied by renal impairment, it could be worse, and preeclampsia (high blood pressure kind during pregnancy) may develop. The fetus can not grow as expected, renal function and blood pressure are closely monitored as the developing fetus. Often, the baby should be born.
Women who had a kidney transplant who has been laid for two years are usually able to bear children safely if their kidneys function normally, if they do not experience the event of rejection, and if their blood pressure is normal. Most women who have renal impairment and those with regular hemodialysis can also deliver a healthy baby.
Seizure disorder (convulsions): for most women who use antikonsulvan to treat seizure disorder, seizure frequency did not change during pregnancy. Even so, sometimes antikonsulvan dose should be increased.
Antikonsulvan usage increases the risk of birth defects. Women who use antikonsulvan should discuss the risk of birth defects with experts in the field, preferably before they become pregnant. Some women are likely to stop antikonsulvan during pregnancy safely, but most women have to continue using these drugs. Risks resulting from not using these drugs (generating more attack frequency, which can harm the fetus and the woman) is usually more risk resulting from panggunaan drugs during pregnancy.
Sexually transmitted diseases: women who have sexually transmitted diseases may experience problems during pregnancy. Chlamydial infection can cause preterm labor and rupture of the membranes containing the fetus prematurely. It can also cause conjunctivitis in newborns, as gonorhoe. Syphilis in pregnant women likely transmitted to the fetus through the placenta. Syphilis can cause some birth defects.
About a quarter of pregnant women who have human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV) is not treated, which causes AIDS, pass it on to their babies. The experts recommend that women with HIV infection using antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy. When pregnant women use these drugs, the risk of HIV transmission to their babies is reduced less than 2%. For some women with HIV infection, gave birth by cesarean section, planned for later, can reduce the risk of HIV transmission to infants further. Pregnancy does not appear to accelerate the progress of HIV infection in women.
Genital herpes can be transmitted to babies during childbirth. Babies who are not infected with herpes can experience a life-threatening brain infection called herpes encephalitis. If herpes produces sores in the genital area at the end of pregnancy, women are usually advised to give birth by cesarean section, so the virus is not transmitted to the baby. If the wound is present, the risk of transmission is very low.
Diabetes: for women who have diabetes before they become pregnant, the risk of complications during pregnancy depends on how diabetes has been present and if there are complications in diabetes, such as high blood pressure and kidney damage, has been there. (In some women, diabetes occurs during pregnancy, the disorder is called gestational diabetes).
The risk of complications during pregnancy can be reduced by controlling blood sugar (glucose) in the blood. Levels should be kept as normal as possible during pregnancy. Way to measure blood sugar levels (such as diet, exercise, and insulin) should be initiated prior to pregnancy. Most pregnant women are asked to measure their glucose levels several times a day at home. Controlling diabetes is particularly crucial at the end of pregnancy. Then, blood sugar levels tend to rise as the body becomes less responsive to insulin. The higher dose of insulin is usually required.
If diabetes is not controlled very early in pregnancy, the risk of early miscarriage and birth defects increases significantly. When diabetes is less controlled and late in pregnancy, the fetus is large and increases the risk kamatian childbirth. Large fetus reduce the fetus to pass easily through the vagina and more likely to be injured during vaginal delivery. Consequently, gave birth by cesarean section is often required. The risk of preeclampsia (high blood pressure kind that occurs during pregnancy) also increased for women with diabetes.
Fetal lungs tend to mature slowly. If a premature birth are considered (eg, because of the fetus), the doctor can remove and examine examples of the fluid that surrounds the fetus (amniotic fluid). This procedure, called amniocentesis, helping the doctor to ascertain whether the fetus's lungs are mature enough to be born to breathe.
Newborns in women with diabetes increases the risk of experiencing low blood sugar, low calcium, and low levels of bilirubin in the blood. Hospital staff measured levels of these substances and examine the newborn for the symptoms of this disorder.
For women with diabetes, the need for insulin dropped dramatically immediately after birth. But the need is usually complete before the pregnancy in about 1 week.
Liver and gall bladder disorders: a woman who suffered from chronic viral hepatitis or cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) is more Probably the to fall or give birth prematurely. Cirrhosis can cause varicose veins to form around the esophagus (esophageal varices). Pregnancy slightly increases the risk of massive bleeding from these vessels, especially during the last 3 months of pregnancy.
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